When Rodrigo Duterte was working for president eight years in the past, he vowed to order the police and the army to seek out drug customers and traffickers to kill them, promising immunity for such killings. Within the months after, law enforcement officials and vigilantes mercilessly gunned down tens of hundreds of individuals in abstract executions.

Even now, two years after Mr. Duterte left workplace, there was little authorized reckoning with the wave of killings: Solely eight police officers have been given jail sentences, in reference to simply 4 instances, with one verdict that got here this month. And although rights teams say that there have been fewer such killings since Mr. Duterte left, and much fewer involving brokers of the federal government, a tradition of violence and impunity has maintained a troubling maintain within the Philippines.

In latest months, the legacy of Mr. Duterte’s so-called warfare on medication has slowly begun to get extra official consideration. Lawmakers are holding a number of public hearings into the violence. Senior law enforcement officials spoke on the congressional listening to, as did victims’ family members, who relived their horrors and once more pleaded for justice.

When Mr. Duterte left workplace, his administration mentioned 6,252 individuals had been killed by safety forces — all described by officers as “drug suspects.” Rights teams say the general demise toll stands at roughly 30,000.

Mr. Duterte is unlikely to face any penalties from the congressional hearings; this week he was requested to testify earlier than the panel however via a spokesman declined to take action, invoking his constitutional proper in opposition to self-incrimination. That has left many wanting abroad, to the Worldwide Prison Courtroom, which is investigating the drug warfare and is anticipated to be nearing some motion in opposition to Mr. Duterte.

Reymie Bayunon’s 7-year-old son, Jefferson, was fatally shot within the metropolis of Caloocan in April 2019 after, Ms. Bayunon mentioned, he witnessed a killing of their neighborhood. She sued the police however mentioned she skipped the courtroom hearings after being threatened by a gaggle of officers.

Ms. Bayunon has a easy message for the Philippine authorities: “I name on you to cooperate with the I.C.C. as a result of that is the one likelihood now we have to realize justice,” she mentioned.

Whereas Mr. Duterte has taken full duty for the drug warfare, he has maintained that he would by no means be tried in a world courtroom. He has mentioned that there are three million drug addicts within the Philippines, including: “I’d be joyful to slaughter them.”

Six years in the past, he ordered the withdrawal of the Philippines from the I.C.C., which declined to touch upon its inquiry into Mr. Duterte. It’s unclear whether or not the Philippines authorities would pressure Mr. Duterte to give up if he confronted an I.C.C. warrant. The courtroom can’t attempt defendants in absentia.

Mr. Duterte’s successor, President Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr., has appeared at instances to backtrack from an earlier pledge of protecting him from a world inquiry. In December, Mr. Marcos’s authorities allowed I.C.C. officers investigating Mr. Duterte to enter the Philippines to pursue their work, in accordance with an official aware of the proceedings.

Among the many instances the I.C.C. is anticipated to be following is one other criticism in opposition to the police in Caloocan, north of Manila. Lower than three months after Mr. Duterte was inaugurated in 2016, a gaggle of policemen barged into Mary Ann Domingo’s tiny condominium and ushered many of the household out.

The final time she noticed her companion, Luis Bonifacio, alive, he was kneeling on the ground together with his arms raised. Her son Gabriel, 19, stayed inside to plead for his father’s life and was additionally shot useless. Later, Ms. Domingo noticed their our bodies on the hospital.

Since 2017, she has pursued a criticism in opposition to the officers with the nationwide ombudsman.

On June 18, a choose dominated that the 4 law enforcement officials who participated within the operation have been responsible of murder.

The courtroom famous the findings of a forensic pathologist, Dr. Raquel Fortun, who had examined the stays of the Bonifacios and advised the courtroom that she had discovered a number of gunshot wounds.

When the decision was learn, Ms. Domingo wept on the shoulder of considered one of her sons. Standing beside her have been the 4 officers, who regarded down on the flooring.

“I’m grateful to the choose as a result of lastly I really feel there might be justice,” Ms. Domingo mentioned after the ruling. However she added: “The I.C.C. continues to be wanted as a result of we want justice for each sufferer of the drug warfare.”

Within the backdrop are tensions between Mr. Duterte and Mr. Marcos. The present president rose to energy after making an alliance with Mr. Duterte’s daughter Sara Duterte. However within the months since, issues have modified. This month, Ms. Duterte resigned from her publish as schooling secretary in Mr. Marcos’s cupboard. Mr. Marcos and his allies, the Dutertes contend with out proof, need the president to increase his grip on energy by amending the Structure. The 2 males have traded barbs in regards to the different using drugs.

Mr. Duterte burnished his law-and-order credentials because the mayor of Davao, a metropolis within the south the place lots of are thought to have been killed by gunmen linked to the authorities, acts that the I.C.C. can be investigating.

Inside days of Mr. Duterte’s changing into president, individuals like Vincent Go, a contract information photographer, detected a change. Mr. Go, who labored nights within the Manila area, was getting notified of 10 to twenty crime scenes an evening, an astronomical enhance in violence. Mr. Go saved seeing the identical form of settings: dead-end alleys, usually with no safety cameras or witnesses. Rusty weapons have been continuously left subsequent to the our bodies.

The federal government’s narrative for such instances was nearly at all times the identical: Dealing with arrest, suspected drug customers fought again, and officers needed to shoot in self-defense.

Mr. Go ended up documenting greater than 900 crime scenes throughout Mr. Duterte’s presidency. He shared pictures of corpses with handcuff marks and others with a number of gunshot wounds. Pointing to at least one, he mentioned, “He was shot 5 instances within the head.”

“How does someone who fights again get shot 5 instances within the head?” Mr. Go mentioned.

Dr. Fortun has examined 109 our bodies exhumed on the behest of a Catholic priest, the Rev. Flaviano Villanueva, and victims’ households. She mentioned she had repeatedly seen a number of photographs within the head and the torso.

“In different phrases, they have been shot to be killed,” mentioned Dr. Fortun, the one pathologist within the Philippines who has examined the stays of these killed through the drug warfare.

Tens of hundreds have been arrested on drug fees throughout Mr. Duterte’s marketing campaign. He had promised to go after kingpins and different high-level sellers. However among the many useless, rights group say, have been many poor and working-class males and boys.

The Duterte camp has reiterated that the I.C.C. lacks jurisdiction within the Philippines as a result of the prosecutor performed its investigation solely after Mr. Duterte, in 2019, withdrew his nation from the treaty that established the courtroom. Mr. Marcos’s views are unclear: In November, he mentioned that he was contemplating rejoining the courtroom, however in March, he reiterated that the I.C.C. had no jurisdiction over his nation.

“The treatment for alleged victims is to file their complaints earlier than Philippine courts,” mentioned Mr. Duterte’s former spokesman, Harry Roque.

On a latest Thursday, Dr. Fortun was making an attempt to piece collectively what may have occurred to Jay-Ar Jumola, a 21-year-old development employee killed by unidentified males in an alleyway within the metropolis of Navotas in June 2019.

Pointing to a gap in Mr. Jumola’s cranium, she mentioned: “That’s suspicious of an entrance wound. One other factor that catches my eye is that this staining, the inexperienced stain of the inside floor of the cranium. It suggests oxidation from one thing metallic.”

Mr. Go, the photographer, lined Mr. Jumola’s demise and tracked down a witness, who advised him that Mr. Jumola was on his knees when he was shot.

“He noticed the blood gushing out, and the way Jay-Ar was begging for his life,” Mr. Go mentioned. “And the police didn’t care and simply shot him.”

Two of Mr. Jumola’s half brothers met an identical destiny. In February 2017, Anthony Ocdin, 23, was additionally killed by unidentified males in Navotas. He was discovered with masking tape round his head and an indication on his physique that mentioned, “Don’t imitate me, I’m a drug pusher.” Practically 5 years later, Angelo Ocdin, 28, was shot within the again by 4 males in Manila’s Tondo district.

Ms. Jumola mentioned she now fears for her surviving youngsters.

Referring to Mr. Duterte, she mentioned, “We wish him to be jailed as a result of he ordered the killings of harmless individuals.”

Marlise Simons contributed reporting from Paris.